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Topic

What is a topic sentence?
Paragraphs commonly (but not necessarily) begin with a topic sentence that communicates the controlling idea of the paragraph. 
A question for thought: The topic sentence can come part way through the introduction. What is the advantage of this?
What is a function?
A function is something we do with language. In spoken language, we make requests, express likes and dislikes, ask for directions, give warnings etc. In academic writing, we give explanations, provide definitions, speculate about future courses of action etc.
Task: Think of two other functions for both spoken and written English.
What is the function of the topic sentence?
The function of a topic sentence is usually to provide an assertion or argument, which is then developed in various ways in the body of the paragraph. For example:
All languages have the same purpose - to communicate thoughts - and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.
Question for thought: Why is it better to have an assertion than a question?
What comes after the assertion?
When you begin a paragraph with an assertion, you are immediately confronted with the issue of what to do next. Do you elaborate on the assertion? Do you define one or more key terms? Do you qualify what you have asserted? Being able to develop a paragraph appropriately in terms of the functions being performed by succeeding sentences is an important skill.
Task: How do you make a decision about what you would like to do after your assertion?
What is a contrasting function?
A contrasting function is performed by a sentence containing information which runs contrary to the original assertion some ways. It is often marked by the phrase on the other hand.
What is an exemplifying function?
An exemplifying function is when an example is provided to illustrate a point or an assertion. It is sometimes marked by the phrase, "For example..."
What is an elaborating function?
This is when additional information is provided to support an assertion.
What is a defining function?
Sometimes a statement or assertion contains a word or words that require a more exact explanation. Sentences giving a precise explanation of the meaning of a term are fulfilling a defining function.
What is a qualifying function?
A qualifying function is fulfilled by a sentence that limits or reduces the force of an assertion.